Harm 是一个英语常用词,既可作名词,也可作动词,核心含义为“伤害;损害;危害”。与 injury, damage 等词相比,harm 更侧重于泛指对身体、心理、利益或事物的不利影响,不一定涉及暴力或严重破坏。
“Harm” refers to physical or mental injury or damage, or the act of causing such injury.
| 词性 | 发音(英式) | 第三人称单数/过去式 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 / 动词 | /hɑːm/ | harms / harmed |
作为名词时,harm 常用于以下结构中:
| 例句 | 中文释义 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|
| The storm did considerable harm to the roof. | 风暴对屋顶造成了相当大的损害。 | 自然灾害描述 |
| He meant no harm by his comments. | 他的评论并无恶意。 | 人际沟通 |
作为动词时,harm 是及物动词,直接接宾语:
| 例句 | 中文释义 | 使用场景 |
|---|---|---|
| These chemicals could harm the environment. | 这些化学品可能危害环境。 | 环境保护 |
| She would never intentionally harm anyone. | 她绝不会故意伤害任何人。 | 道德表述 |
在法律文件中,harm 常用于表述“伤害”或“损害”,特别是涉及民事责任时:
The company was sued for harming the consumers' health with its defective products.
(该公司因缺陷产品损害消费者健康而被起诉。)
在医疗语境中,harm 常指对身体或心理的伤害:
Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body.
(吸烟几乎危害身体每一个器官。)
在环境讨论中,harm 描述人类活动对自然的影响:
Plastic pollution harms marine life significantly.
(塑料污染严重危害海洋生物。)
| 词语 | 含义侧重 | 使用场景 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| harm | 广义的伤害或损害 | 通用,身体、心理、利益等 | Too much sun can harm your skin. |
| damage | 对价值或功能的损害 | 多用于物体、财产或声誉 | The fire damaged the building severely. |
| injure | 身体上的伤害 | 多指人身伤害 | Three people were injured in the accident. |
1. Harm 不可数:不能说“a harm”或“harms”(除非作动词第三人称单数)
错误: He suffered a harm during the game.
正确: He suffered harm during the game. 或 He was harmed during the game.
2. Harm 与 hurt 的区别:hurt 更主观,常指情感或身体疼痛;harm 更客观,指实际损害
His words hurt me (情感上的伤害).
His actions harmed my reputation (实际利益损害).
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| do more harm than good | 弊大于利 | The new policy might do more harm than good. |
| no harm done | 没造成伤害;没关系 | It was just a mistake—no harm done. |
| out of harm's way | 在安全的地方 | We moved the children out of harm's way. |
在英语文化中,harm 常常与“不伤害原则”(principle of non-maleficence)相关联,这一原则在医学伦理和法律中尤为重要:
Doctors take an oath to "do no harm" to their patients.
(医生宣誓对病人“不造成伤害”。)
这一概念也延伸至日常道德讨论中,成为许多社会规范的基础。
Harm 是一个 versatile 的英语词汇,适用于多种语境,从日常对话到专业领域。掌握其名词和动词用法,理解与近义词的细微差别,并熟悉常见搭配,能够显著提高英语表达的准确性和丰富性。记住:harm 强调“损害”的结果或可能性,是一个实用且重要的词汇。